The Actors Behind Cyberattacks

Endre Bangerter
Endre Bangerter
Professor of computer science at the Bern University of Applied Sciences. Lecturer at the Forensic Science Institute of the University of Lausanne.

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The Actors Behind Cyberattacks
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Cyber attacks are often perceived as a purely technical matter. Yet, technology is «only the playing field» on which the attacks are carried out. Behind attack and defense are humans. The study of cyber actors, their motivations, capabilities etc. is a fascinating field, which is the subject of this deep dive.


Endre Bangerter is a co-founder and CEO of Threatray and professor of IT security at the Bern University of Applied Sciences in Switzerland. His interests are in the fields of threat intelligence and analytics.

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Deep Dives are carefully hand-curated series of time-tested articles and videos from around the web.

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The first article in a series of articles exploring the cybercrime underground.

Endre Bangerter

Podcast and transcript on how the NSA, the US signals intelligence agency, is planning and carrying out hacking operations.

Endre Bangerter

Moonlight maze, the history of a very capable Russian state actor.

Endre Bangerter

A report on “Hacking team”, an Italian cyber mercenary company.

Endre Bangerter

A report on the NSO group, an Israeli cyber mercenary company.

Endre Bangerter

An article on “hacking back”, which is to strike back against cyberattackers. Hacking back is a very controversial practice, deemed ineffective and dangerous by most cyber defenders.

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A short introduction to the topic of attributing cyber attacks.

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An article arguing that attribution is not that important in many cases.

Endre Bangerter

An article and a corresponding talk by Juan Andres Guerrero-Saade on an ontology of cyber actors.

Endre Bangerter

I hope you enjoyed learning about threat actors in cyber space. To help you keep up with the latest on the cyberattacks and cybersecurity, Refind will serve you relevant new links on it in your daily picks whenever available.


If you want to learn more, I recommend digging into the fascinating book «Sandworm» by Andy Greenberg.

Endre Bangerter